Manuals of Clinical
Microbiology

Manuals of Clinical
Microbiology

MICROBIOLOGY

The Manual of Clinical Microbiology (MCM) is the most
authoritative reference text in the field of clinical microbiology. This edition of the Manual benefited from the talents of a team of 22 editors and almost 250 authors who
were supported by a very capable production team at ASM
Press. This, the 11th edition, is presented after the usual
4-year publication cycle following the 10th edition. All
of the editorial team are proud members of the American
Society for Microbiology and strong supporters of its book
publishing arm, ASM Press. We have followed in the
footsteps of previous authors and editors of the Manual
and remain steadfastly committed to the utmost quality
and timeliness that the MCM readership has come to expect. For the first time, we have had co-editors in chief of
MCM. The length and scope of the Manual now require
this division of labor to ensure thoroughness and timeliness of the editing process. We hope that readers of the
Manual will recognize the commitment to excellence by
everyone associated with its production.
We represent only the fifth and sixth editors in chief
in the 45-year history of the Manual. We are grateful for
the example set by our predecessors and by the sage advice offered by recent editors in chief Patrick Murray and
James Versalovic. We offer our deep appreciation to Ken
April, the production editor at the outset of this edition,
and to Ellie Tupper, who succeeded him and completed
the editorial production process.
This is only the second edition of the Manual to have
a full-scale, searchable, Web-based HTML electronic
edition. We hope that users of the Manual will find this
electronic alternative to the print version of MCM to be
convenient and user friendly. It is likely that future editions of MCM will rely more heavily on the electronic
format for delivery of the vast content of the Manual.
This is a very dynamic era in clinical microbiology,
with new technical tools (MALDI-TOF, ribosomal and
total gene sequencing, and other molecular methods)
that are profoundly influencing our approaches to organism detection and identification. The Manual continues to include classic microbiological techniques
such as microscopy and culture as a foundation in addition to the newer methods cited above. Some organisms
have become prominent causes of disease recently, e.g.,
Ebola, enterovirus D-68, and Gram-negative bacteria
that produce carbapenemases. Every effort was made to
include up-to-date information in the Manual on these
recently emergent organisms. In addition, the studies of
the human microbiome have informed our understanding of normal microbial communities and have posed
the possibility of polymicrobial rather than single-agent

Kathryn A. Bernard Section II
National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health
Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2,
Canada
Mary E. Brandt Sections VI and VII
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
Angela M. Caliendo Sections IV and V
Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical
School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
J. Stephen Dumler Section II
Departments of Pathology and Microbiology &
Immunology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
Christine C. Ginocchio Sections IV and V
Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead,
NY 11549, and bioMérieux, Durham, NC 27712
Elizabeth M. Johnson Sections VI and VII
Mycology Reference Laboratory, HPA South West
Laboratory, Kingsdown, Bristol BS2 8EL, United
Kingdom
Melissa B. Miller Section II
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of North Carolina School of Medicine,
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525
Jean B. Patel Section III
Office of Antimicrobial Resistance, Division of
Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
Robin Patel Section I
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN 55905
Cathy A. Petti Section II
HealthSpring Global Inc., Bradenton, FL 34209
Bobbi S. Pritt Section VIII
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN 55905
Gary W. Procop Sections VIII and IX
Department of Molecular Pathology, Cleveland
Clinic, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute,
Cleveland, OH 44195
Yi-Wei Tang Section IV
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of
Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
Alexandra Valsamakis Sections IV and V
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of
Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
21287-7093
Peter A. R. Vandamme Section II
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology,
Laboratory of Microbiology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000
Gent, Belgium

ASM Press

2015

Copyright © 2015 by ASM Press. ASM Press is a registered trademark of the American Society for
Microbiology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in whole
or in part or reutilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

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